海洋廢棄物問題日益嚴重，亦成為各國必須面臨環境重要議題之一，海洋保育署為解決海洋廢棄物所產生問題及污染等，研擬相關政策為能更有效減少海洋廢棄物。因此，本計畫透過調查臺灣周邊海域海漂(底)廢棄物及微型塑膠分布，掌握臺灣海洋廢棄物污染熱點。本團隊自決標日起至113年11月15日止，完成臺灣北部、中部、南部、東部及離島共5個區域海漂(底)廢棄物調查，共計10處海域之19趟次海底廢棄物調查（調查動線達16,100公尺），308筆海漂廢棄物目視調查資料；完成32個海域表水MPs採樣檢測及16個海域表水樣品經µ-FTIR定性分析MPs；完成16組生物體牡蠣MPs採樣檢測及8組生物體牡蠣樣品經µ-FTIR定性分析MPs。以潛水員穿越線調查方法探勘海底廢棄物，本年度調查海底廢棄物平均密度為11,263件／平方公里，最高為貢寮23,889件／平方公里，其次為澎湖23,704件／平方公里、龜山島12,222件／平方公里、三仙礁9,815件／平方公里等海域，最低為臺東綠島370件／平方公里，海底廢棄物組成以漁業用具為主，約占整體廢棄物62%，其次為塑膠類28%；海漂廢棄物目視調查，本年度計畫完成308筆資料，已超標達128%，整體海漂廢棄物平均密度為41件／平方公里，調查10處海域之海漂廢棄物平均密度最高為外木山145件／平方公里，其次為澎湖52件／平方公里、後龍28件／平方公里、貢寮8件／平方公里等，最低為綠島及屏東海生館各1件／平方公里；本計畫及公民科學家調查臺灣8大海域海漂廢棄物調查結果，有效資料總計387趟次，總觀測時間103小時58分鐘，總觀測距離達1178.85公里，共發現1,761海漂廢棄物，以塑膠類占比最高為1,361件77%，其次為保麗龍274件16%、其他65件4%及漁業用具61件3%，故臺灣8大海域海漂廢棄物平均密度56件／平方公里，以北部海面平均密度最高為91件／平方公里，其次為臺灣海峽北部30件／平方公里、東部海面5件／平方公里等，最低為巴士海峽及東南部海面各1件／平方公里。以海域微型塑膠採樣及檢測而言，生物體牡蠣微型塑膠，16組生物體牡蠣MPs濃度，最高以澎湖(0.98 items/g w.w.)，其次為三仙礁(0.27 items/g w.w.)、淡水河(0.13 items/g w.w.)等，濃度N.D. items/g w.w. 為曾文溪、貢寮、阿公店溪，MPs形態以塑膠纖維(50%)為最高，其次為塑膠碎片(45%)、發泡塑膠(2%)、塑膠薄膜(3%)；9組牡蠣樣品經μ-FTIR定性分析判定MPs材質結果，主要以Other (84%)為最高，如聚酯纖維、嫘縈、丙烯酸纖維、聚甲醛等，其次為PP(8%)、PA(8%)；本年度32個海域表水MPs樣品，MPs濃度最高位於外木山（等深線15m）0.92 items/m3，其次為後龍（等深線5m）0.75 items/m3、貢寮（等深線5m）0.46 items/m3、彰濱（等深線15m） 0.29 items/m3等樣品，MPs濃度最低於淡水河出海口（等深線15m）0.01 items/m3，以6處河川出海口等深線5m及15m海域表水樣品，MPs形態以發泡塑膠(54%)為主，其次為塑膠碎片(33%)、塑膠薄膜(9%)及塑膠纖維(4%)；另10處海底廢棄物調查海域之等深線5m及15m海域表水MPs樣品之MPs形態以塑膠碎片(56%)為主，其次為發泡塑膠(34%)、塑膠薄膜(6%)、塑膠纖維(3%)及塑膠顆粒(1%)。16個海域表水MPs樣品（10個河川出海口及6個海底廢棄物海域之等深線5m及15m樣品）經µ-FTIR定性分析判定MPs材質，分為PVC、PP、PE、PS、PA、PET、Other(Rayon、acrylic、polyester等)共6種，顯示以PS(47%)占比最高，其次為PP(35%)、PE(15%)、Other(2%)及PET(1%)。
        「海洋廢棄物研究分析報告」已完成（詳如本計畫其末報告附件一），內含海洋廢棄物及微型塑膠與氣候變遷相關文獻、海洋廢棄物PET瓶個案之生命週期評估、數值模擬預測海洋廢棄物漂流軌跡，海漂廢棄物在靠近海岸之後的流動方向，大致可歸納出三種類型：向離岸方向遠離、向近岸方向前進和沿岸運動。多數廢棄物漂流至新瀨淺礁時，受到朝東北向的強勁水流攜帶至基隆嶼，當廢棄物漂移至基隆嶼近岸海域時，主要流向朝海岸，並沿基隆嶼下風側地形朝基隆港口漂移，最終進入基隆港外的渦流系統。模擬結果顯示靠近海岸的流場十分複雜，基隆港、外木山漁港、大武崙灣澳地形、萬里漁港及野柳海岸等處出現渦流與沿岸流並存的現象。受限於模式模擬範圍，模擬邊界處之流場特性可能無法代表真實流場特性。以外木山海漂廢棄物PET計算生命週期， PET來源分別臺灣28~40%(TW)，臺灣境外19~46%(OS)及無可辨識26~41%(UR)。年度三季平均，回收再利用PET瓶1kg材料，其碳足跡平均分別為PET為2.889kgCO2eq.，PVC為0.077kgCO2eq.及PP為0.150kgCO2eq.，總計為3.116 kgCO2eq.，標準偏差0.08 kgCO2eq.。以回收再利用1kg PET瓶為功能單位；捕撈作業之碳足跡油耗使用及上游油品原料之碳足跡，分別為423.934 kgCO2eq.及105.810 kgCO2eq.，占比總量之碳足跡為99.9%；捕撈處理1kg PET瓶，其碳足跡總量530.585 kgCO2eq.，陸上運輸及廢棄物處理，其碳足跡分別為0.072 kgCO2eq.及0.699 kgCO2eq.。年度三季平均生命週期評估，個案回收再利用重量以1kg為功能單位，生命週期環境衝擊特徵化結果，以陸域生態毒性(Terrestrial ecotoxicity)，13.38994 kg 1,4-DCB；氣候變遷(Global warming)造成3.20557 kgCO2eq.顯著環境衝擊，其中PET占比92%，PVC為2.6%，PP為5.4%。海洋廢棄物PET，不可回收部分採用焚化爐處理及可回收部分進行回收再利用，其生命週期評估結果，以捕撈油耗階段環境影響為最大，其中氣候變遷為113.88138 kgCO2eq，採樣油耗原料階段占比99.3%，陸上運輸階段占比0.1%，廢棄處理階段佔比0.6%。
        「微型塑膠採樣與分析指引」及「海漂(底)廢棄物調查指引」已完成（詳如本計畫其末報告附件二及附件三），並已於113年7月5日完成辦理專家學者會議1場次，依據專家學者會議之建議進行增修，且委員同意增修內容，本團隊依據本計畫今(113)年之期末工作進度，皆已完成。

Abstract
The problem of marine waste is becoming increasingly severe and has become one of the significant environmental issues that countries must address. To tackle the issues and pollution caused by marine waste, the Ocean Conservation Administration has developed relevant policies to more effectively reduce marine waste. Therefore, this project investigates the distribution of marine drifting (seabed) debris and microplastics around Taiwan, identifying hotspots of marine waste pollution in Taiwan's waters. From the start of the project to November 15, 2024, our team completed surveys of marine drifting (seabed) debris in five regions of Taiwan—north, central, south, east, and offshore islands. A total of 19 seabed debris surveys were conducted across 10 marine areas (with a survey path of 16,100 meters), resulting in 308 visual survey records of drifting debris. Additionally, we completed sampling and testing of microplastics (MPs) in surface water from 32 marine areas, and 16 surface water samples were analyzed for MPs using µ-FTIR. We also completed 16 sets of oyster MPs sampling and testing, with 8 oyster samples analyzed for MPs using µ-FTIR. Using the diver transect survey method, we explored seabed waste, finding that the average seabed debris density was 11,263 items/km². The highest density was found at Gongliao (23,889 items/km²), followed by Penghu (23,704 items/km²), Guishan Island (12,222 items/km²), Sanxian Reef (9,815 items/km²), and the lowest was at Green Island (370 items/km²). The seabed waste composition was predominantly fishing gear, comprising about 62% of total waste, followed by plastics (28%).
 
For the drifting debris visual survey, this year’s project completed 308 data points, exceeding the target by 128%. The overall average density of drifting marine waste was 41 items/km². The highest average drifting debris density was found at WaiMuShan (145 items/km²), followed by Penghu (52 items/km²), Houlong (28 items/km²), Gongliao (8 items/km²), and the lowest was at Green Island and Pingtung Marine Life Museum (1 item/km² each). The results of the marine drifting debris surveys conducted by the project and citizen scientists in Taiwan's eight major seas showed a total of 387 survey trips, with a total observation time of 103 hours and 58 minutes, covering a distance of 1,178.85 kilometers. A total of 1,761 drifting debris items were found, with plastics accounting for the largest proportion (77%, 1,361 items), followed by Styrofoam (16%, 274 items), others (4%, 65 items), and fishing gear (3%, 61 items). Therefore, the average density of drifting debris in Taiwan's eight major marine areas was 56 items/km², with the highest average density found in the northern sea (91 items/km²), followed by the northern Taiwan Strait (30 items/km²) and the eastern seas (5 items/km²). The lowest average densities were in the Bashi Channel and the southeastern seas, each with 1 item/km².
 
In terms of marine microplastic sampling and testing, the concentration of MPs in biological samples (oysters) was highest in Penghu (0.98 items/g w.w.), followed by Sanxiantai Reef (0.27 items/g w.w.) and Dansuie River (0.13 items/g w.w.). The concentration was N.D. (not detected) in Zengwen River, Gongliao, and Agongdian River. The morphology of the MPs was primarily composed of plastic fibers (50%), followed by plastic fragments (45%), foam plastics (2%), and plastic films (3%).For 9 sets of oyster samples analyzed by μ-FTIR, the MPs' material composition was predominantly Other (84%), including materials such as polyester fibers, ramie, acrylic fibers, and polyformaldehyde. The next most common materials were PP (8%) and PA (8%). In the 32 surface water samples from marine areas, the highest MPs concentration was found in Waiao Beach (15m depth contour) at 0.92 items/m³, followed by Houlong River (5m depth contour) at 0.75 items/m³, Gongliao (5m depth contour) at 0.46 items/m³, and Changhua Coastal (15m depth contour) at 0.3 items/m³. The lowest MPs concentration was found at the mouth of the Dansuie River (15m depth contour) at 0.01 items/m³. At six river mouth sampling points, the MPs were primarily foam plastics (54%), followed by plastic fragments (33%), plastic films (9%), and plastic fibers (4%). In the ten seabed debris survey areas, the MPs in surface water samples (from 5m and 15m depth contours) showed a predominant presence of plastic fragments (56%), followed by foam plastics (34%), plastic films (6%), plastic fibers (3%), and plastic pellets (1%). For the 16 surface water MPs samples (from 10 river mouth and 6 seabed debris survey sites at 5m and 15m depth contours), the μ-FTIR analysis identified MPs made of PVC, PP, PE, PS, PA, PET, and Other (Rayon, acrylic, polyester, etc.). Among these materials, PS (47%) was the most prevalent, followed by PP (35%), PE (15%), Other (2%), and PET (1%).
 
The Marine Waste Research and Analysis Report has been completed (as detailed in Appendix 1 of this project’s final report). It includes literature related to marine waste and microplastics in relation to climate change, a life cycle assessment of PET bottle marine waste, and numerical simulation forecasting of marine waste drift trajectories. After approaching the coastline, the movement direction of drifting marine waste can generally be categorized into three types: offshore movement, onshore movement, and alongshore movement. Most waste drifts towards the Xin Lai Reef, where it is carried by the strong northeastward currents to Keelung Islet. When the waste reaches the coastal waters of Keelung Islet, it mainly flows towards the coast and drifts along the leeward side of the islet toward Keelung Harbor, eventually entering the vortex system outside the harbor. The simulation results show that the flow field near the coast is highly complex, with vortexes and alongshore currents coexisting at locations like Keelung Harbor, WaiMuShan Fishing Port, the Dawulun Bay landscape, Wanli Fishing Port, and Yeliu Coast. Due to the limitations of the simulation model’s scope, the flow field characteristics at the boundary of the model may not fully represent the actual flow field characteristics. For the life cycle analysis of marine PET waste at WaiMuShan, the sources of PET were identified as follows: Taiwan 28-40% (TW), overseas 19-46% (OS), and unidentifiable 26-41% (UR). On average across three seasons, the carbon footprint for recycling 1 kg of PET bottles was 2.889 kgCO2eq for PET, 0.077 kgCO2eq for PVC, and 0.150 kgCO2eq for PP, totaling 3.116 kgCO2eq with a standard deviation of 0.08 kgCO2eq. Using the recycling of 1 kg PET bottles as the functional unit, the carbon footprint from fishing operations, including fuel consumption and upstream oil raw materials, was 423.934 kgCO2eq and 105.810 kgCO2eq, respectively, making up 99.9% of the total carbon footprint. The total carbon footprint for processing 1 kg of PET bottles was 530.585 kgCO2eq, with land transport and waste treatment accounting for 0.072 kgCO2eq and 0.699 kgCO2eq, respectively. In the life cycle impact assessment for the case study, with a functional unit of 1 kg of recycled PET bottles, the environmental impacts were primarily characterized by terrestrial ecotoxicity (13.38994 kg 1,4-DCB) and global warming (3.20557 kgCO2eq), with PET contributing 92%, PVC 2.6%, and PP 5.4%. For marine PET waste, the non-recyclable portion is processed by incineration, while the recyclable portion is reused. The life cycle assessment results show that the environmental impact of the fishing oil consumption stage is the highest, with climate change contributing 113.88138 kgCO2eq, of which sampling oil raw materials account for 99.3%, land transportation contributes 0.1%, and waste disposal accounts for 0.6%.
 
The "Microplastics Sampling and Analysis Guidelines" and the "Marine Drifting (Seabed) Debris Survey Guidelines" have been completed (as detailed in the appendices of the final report of this project). On July 5, 2024, an expert meeting was held, during which recommendations from the experts were incorporated into the guidelines. The committee members agreed with the proposed revisions. Based on the progress of this year's work, the team has successfully completed all tasks outlined in the project.